Racial and Ethnic Stereotypes Essay Example for Free

Racial and Ethnic Stereotypes EssayPeople being undiscriminating establish on partial and inexact k promptlyledge by authors as television, cartoons or even comic books This is a description that seems to go against slicey worldly concern standards. The supra words ar the exact description of stereotypes. Stereotypes as implicit from the description, goes mostly hand in hand with media only not the standard subject matter of the unexceptionable media we know. Media propaganda is the other form of media that is somewhat described as media treatment.In this paper, the subsequent will be discussed first, how stereotypes of heathenish groups operate in propaganda, why does it aim so satisfactorily, and fin anyy, the consequences of these stereotypes on the life of Egyptians in particular in friendship. A fair inspection will be conducted on this example of stereotypes with illumination examples and look into consequences from researches conducted from reliable source s. The real association between Egyptians stereotypes and propaganda discussed in this paper shall magnify the suggestion of stereotypes and propaganda in common.It seems essential for this paper to start with some glade of the dower related with propaganda. Propaganda rouse be thought of as a foster p arnt for stereotypes. Propaganda is recognized to be the planned manipulation of globe popular idea through concealed messages in advertisements and other media functions. Thus, propaganda uses numerous techniques to be able to consign theses hidden messages to the public and influence their view.Fear, brainwashing, name calling, glittering generality, misinformation and much more(prenominal) are some of the ways that propaganda uses to persuade and manipulate the opinions of the masses. Propaganda finds the usefulness of stereotypes in the fact that its easy, quick and direct to the public. In the case of stereotypes or so ethnic groups, Egyptians in this case are being portr ayed as uneducated, unethical, ignorant, desert animal raisers, terrorists and un nuanced ethnic group.These name calling and misinformation techniques are what propagandists use to jut out the society to portray Egyptians as humans of the underworld and Egypt as a deserted country that hunger and ill health are its residents. The preceding are all stereotypes that are propagandas of the media to convince such generality into truth and facts. Racial stereotypes particularly function usually through propaganda of the media, due to the improbability of every man change of location to every country, with the technique of misinformation through movies, shows, and news reports.Egyptians have been stereotyped as desert residents for many years regardless of the reality and actual affirm of Egypt as a country. For instance, the stereotypes pointing that Egyptians are mostly uneducated due to their ignorance of the importance of education is proven false by studies of trustworthy sources . Among those studies, the one conducted by the American university in Cairo, Egypt. Al-Ahram weekly, a credible newspaper kn proclaim all across the Arab world, has posted in its October issue of 1998 the followingAccording to Sahar El-Tawila, the essential researcher on the team, interviews conducted with girls and boys across the country demonstrate convincingly that work and marriage were rarely stated by boys and girls respectively as reasons for departing school These may be options for those who have already left school, exclusively they are not the impetus behind their decision to leave (Al-Ahram 1998). Therefore, according to an American research, Egyptians are not uneducated conceited nation. later all, thither is at least an American University known worldwide built in Cairo where many Egyptians have gotten their Bachelors, Masters and PhDs from.Still, the media has successfully manipulated the public opinion to reason Egyptians as desert wonderers. Now that the first concern, of how such Egyptian-bashing stereotypes work in propaganda, has been discussed, an interesting question then must be asked how did it scratch about so successfully for the public of sexual union America to view Egyptians in such state of mind? Media being a powerful information source to the majority of North Americans, and sometimes the only source of information about specific ethnic groups, has the ability to convince the public viewpoints and opinions.Of course with stereotypes cater by propaganda in movies is very thriving in view of that American films are the most favored and appreciated media function. Openly, in one of the movie reviews now on a review website about the movie The Mummy which takes place in Egypt from start to end, the subsequent sentence was stated The Mummy is a megabucks of fun. So the story is unsophisticated and the characters are all stereotypes (particularly the Egyptians, who are either noble desert warriors or smelly illiterate pig-th ings). Who cares?The special effects are unfeignedly spectacular. (Jennifer Mellerick, 1999). Easily, stereotypes are even expected by who understands them and the media propaganda generates more and more. To attest that such depiction is a stereotype and not fact, the website Egypt WWW Index has a magnetic inclination of all universities in Egypt (an estimated thirty educational institutions in total), many cogitate to governmental and governmental committees and services, business, commercial, and entertainment facilities, as well as links to political women figures in the Egyptian society.More than the average North American could even imagine of Egypt , and it is all owed to the media propaganda that produced this image of Egyptians. People being indiscriminate based on partial and inexact information by sources as television, cartoons or even comic books This is a description that seems to go against many public standards. The above words are the exact description of stere otypes. Stereotypes as implicit from the description, goes mostly hand in hand with media only not the standard meaning of the blameless media we know.Media propaganda is the other form of media that is somewhat described as media treatment. In this paper, the subsequent will be discussed first, how stereotypes of ethnic groups operate in propaganda, why does it function so satisfactorily, and finally, the consequences of these stereotypes on the life of Egyptians in particular in society. A fair inspection will be conducted on this example of stereotypes through clarification examples and research consequences from researches conducted from reliable sources.The real association between Egyptians stereotypes and propaganda discussed in this paper shall magnify the suggestion of stereotypes and propaganda in common. It seems essential for this paper to start with some clarification of the circumstances related with propaganda. Propaganda can be thought of as a foster parent for ster eotypes. Propaganda is recognized to be the planned manipulation of public opinion through concealed messages in advertisements and other media functions.Thus, propaganda uses numerous techniques to be able to consign theses hidden messages to the public and influence their view. Fear, brainwashing, name calling, glittering generality, misinformation and much more are some of the ways that propaganda uses to persuade and manipulate the opinions of the masses. Propaganda finds the usefulness of stereotypes in the fact that its easy, quick and direct to the public. In the case of stereotypes about ethnic groups, Egyptians in this case are being portrayed as uneducated, unethical, ignorant, desert animal raisers, terrorists and uncultured ethnic group.These name calling and misinformation techniques are what propagandists use to contrive the society to portray Egyptians as humans of the underworld and Egypt as a deserted country that hunger and ill health are its residents. The precedi ng are all stereotypes that are propagandas of the media to convince such generality into truth and facts. Racial stereotypes particularly function usually through propaganda of the media, due to the improbability of every man travelling to every country, with the technique of misinformation through movies, shows, and news reports.Egyptians have been stereotyped as desert residents for many years regardless of the reality and actual state of Egypt as a country. For instance, the stereotypes pointing that Egyptians are mostly uneducated due to their ignorance of the importance of education is proven false by studies of trustworthy sources. Among those studies, the one conducted by the American university in Cairo, Egypt. Al-Ahram weekly, a credible newspaper known all across the Arab world, has posted in its October issue of 1998 the followingAccording to Sahar El-Tawila, the essential researcher on the team, interviews conducted with girls and boys nationwide demonstrate convincingl y that work and marriage were rarely stated by boys and girls respectively as reasons for departing school These may be options for those who have already left school, but they are not the impetus behind their decision to leave (Al-Ahram 1998). Therefore, according to an American research, Egyptians are not uneducated conceited nation.After all, there is at least an American University known worldwide built in Cairo where many Egyptians have gotten their Bachelors, Masters and PhDs from. Still, the media has successfully manipulated the public opinion to reason Egyptians as desert wonderers. Now that the first concern, of how such Egyptian-bashing stereotypes work in propaganda, has been discussed, an interesting question then must be asked how did it come about so successfully for the public of North America to view Egyptians in such state of mind? Media being a powerful information source to the majority of North Americans, and sometimes the only source of information about specif ic ethnic groups, has the ability to convince the public viewpoints and opinions.Of course with stereotypes powered by propaganda in movies is very thriving in view of that American films are the most favored and appreciated media function. Openly, in one of the movie reviews now on a review website about the movie The Mummy which takes place in Egypt from start to end, the subsequent sentence was stated The Mummy is a lot of fun. So the story is unsophisticated and the characters are all stereotypes (particularly the Egyptians, who are either noble desert warriors or smelly illiterate pig-things). Who cares? The special effects are truly spectacular. (Jennifer Mellerick, 1999).Easily, stereotypes are even expected by who understands them and the media propaganda generates more and more. To attest that such depiction is a stereotype and not fact, the website Egypt WWW Index has a list of all universities in Egypt (an estimated thirty educational institutions in total), many links t o political and governmental committees and services, business, commercial, and entertainment facilities, as well as links to political women figures in the Egyptian society. More than the average North American could even imagine of Egypt , and it is all owed to the media propaganda that produced this image of Egyptians.Racial and Ethnic Stereotypes Furthermore, Egyptians are stereotyped to be naive owing to the reality that they are thought of as technology uneducated. In a website found throughout the study on this topic, a somebody of an Indian ethnicity by the given name of Shani Rifati has set up a website, which he calls Please Call Me Rom. To right the depiction of his race to North Americans, Shani verbalize I am not a Gypsy. The term Gypsy comes from peoples ignorance, when we were wrong for Egyptians (Rifati). Remarkable huhHere is an example of a person that is defending his own nationality from stereotypes, however uses stereotypes. What is even more interesting tha n that is the reality that the Egyptian history has been known to be the supreme civilization of all times, yet such culture is just bashed by supercilious that all Egyptians are just ignorant Gypsies. African American and Latino children who are aware of broadly held stereotypes about pedantic adroitness perform more disappointingly on a cognitive lying-in when that task is described as a measure of capability than when the like task is described as a problem-solving duty. (Carol Hyman 2003). Therefore racial or ethnic stereotypes that work in media propaganda or rather called media manipulation, has not only had influences on adults, but also is passed over with the youth of tomorrow. It is easy to give out information with no truthful back up, but the public inclination is what can moreover stop media propaganda from disturbing the public opinion or simply energize such unsafe aspect of the media, stereotypes.Furthermore, Egyptians are stereotyped to be uninformed owing to the reality that they are thought of as technology uneducated. In a website found throughout the study on this topic, a person of an Indian ethnicity by the given name of Shani Rifati has set up a website, which he calls Please Call Me Rom. To right the depiction of his race to North Americans, Shani said I am not a Gypsy. The term Gypsy comes from peoples ignorance, when we were wrong for Egyptians (Rifati). Remarkable huhHere is an example of a person that is defending his own nationality from stereotypes, yet uses stereotypes. What is even more interesting than that is the reality that the Egyptian history has been known to be the supreme civilization of all times, yet such culture is simply bashed by supercilious that all Egyptians are just ignorant Gypsies. African American and Latino children who are aware of broadly held stereotypes about academic aptitude perform more disappointingly on a cognitive task when that task is described as a measure of capability than when the sa me task is described as a problem-solving duty. (Carol Hyman 2003).Therefore racial or ethnic stereotypes that work in media propaganda or rather called media manipulation, has not only had influences on adults, but also is passed over with the youth of tomorrow. It is easy to give out information with no truthful back up, but the public inclination is what can moreover stop media propaganda from disturbing the public opinion or simply energize such unsafe aspect of the media, stereotypes.

Arthur Birling and inspector goole Essay Example for Free

Arthur Birling and inspector goole EssayPriestley shows this in the section after the inspector has left I remember what he said, how he looked, how he made me feel. Fire and blood and anguish. This shows the affect that he had on certain characters was very big. In his closing speech the Inspector left with a standard And I tell that the time will soon come when, if men will not learn that lesson, then they will be taught it in conflagrate and blood and anguish. This could be referring to the first world war, where men from all different backgrounds, and classes, would have to stand together, as equals, and fight for their country.This contradicts Mr Birlings prediction at the start of proceed 1 Just because the Kaiser makes a few speeches The Germans dont want war. Nobody wants war, This shows the difference between the philosophies of the Inspector and Birling, it also demonstrates Priestleys idea that Mr Birlings capitalist views are wrong, and how the Inspector, who is right virtually war, is probably right about everything else. Priestley uses this to show the benefits a socialist society would bring to the world.Priestley is suggesting that Birlings every man for himself idea will end in tragedies care Eva. Whereas the Inspectors Philosophy of shared responsibility would avoid such terrible events. The experience of the Inspectors questions changes some characters, but has no effect on former(a)s. It starts off with all of the family sit down down feeling no guilt whatsoever, but after the Inspector comes Eric and Sheila realise the seriousness of what they have done, whilst the others, at this quest believing it is a practical joke, feel no guilt.What Mr and Mrs Birling and Gerald didnt seem to understand is that even if it wasnt the same girl (and no one was sure if it was or not) that they still did these cruel actions, and millions of other people do similar things without knowing the consequences, many young men and women will come to a similar end. Another point to the structure of the round is that the inspector only reveals small parts of Evas story to certain characters, never letting more than one person see the photograph at once.This gives the meander at the end more mystery. The Inspector affected different characters differently, depending on how much they understand what was going on in the world at that point in time. Mr Birling was affected slightly at the start, but being a weak character, and because of his wifes superior class always follows her lead. Therefore after notice his wifes interrogation, and seeing the way she refused to give in to the Inspector, and not feel guilty about what she has done, he follows suit.He and Mrs Birling were the least affected characters, in the end, perchance because they didnt understand what life would have been like for Eva Smith without all the things they did to her. Gerald felt very guilty at first, because he had feelings for her, but then he went for a walk and didnt feel as guilty anymore. This is probably because Gerald has grown up used to money, and inherited his parents capitalist views. Eric and Sheila were most affected by the Inspector, especially his final words, this is shown when Sheila repeats them Fire and blood and aguish. Sheila and Eric understand most about what goes on in the world, this is demonstrated early on but what about war? and when Sheila knows about Erics drink problem. They understand more that this sort of thing can happen to people, and these small actions can lead people to commit suicide, this is probably why the inspector affected them more. After watching the play, the audience can interpret the character of Inspector Goole in many different ways. You could think of him well(p) as a dominion man, who, having heard of the Birling familys selfish acts, wishes to help them change for the better.Or he could be a conscience to make them feel guilty about what theyve done, and chequer distanci ng themselves from the working class. He could also be the ghost of Eva Smith in another form to make them pay for what theyve done. His surname also indicates this as it is a homonym of ghoul, another word for ghost. I conclude that Birling represents the views of capitalists and the inspector represents the views of socialists. Priestley makes Birling a weak, unintelligent, ignorant and Selfish character who rambles on a bit and horrendous to fit in with the higher class that he follows his wifes lead.Sybil seems to guide her husband, Telling him what he should or shouldnt say, this is made evident when she disapproves with him formula Good dinner withal Sybil tell cook for me. Mrs Birling would disapprove because saying what good food it was, wasnt considered a polite thing because it is like fishing for compliments from Gerald. She doesnt like him saying tell cook for me because it implies they talk to their servants, which wouldnt have been done in those days. Birling also copies Geralds fathers (his social superior) choice of wine, to make Gerald think that he is marrying into a family with as much money as his.In contrast, Priestley makes the inspector appear as a person who speaks carefully, is intelligent, knows what is going on in the world, is very strong and comes across as a kinder, selfless person Priestley uses this to make the audience think that a socialist society will provide a fairer, more just solution to the worlds problems.

Chemical Equilibrium And Ph Biology Essay

Chemical Equilibrium And Ph Biology EssayIn a chemical process, chemical is a state in which cocentration of reactants and the tautness of crossings does non change overtime i.e when the forward reception proceeds at the akin rate as backward reaction and it exists in dynamic equilibrium.The laws of chemical equilibrium define the direction in which a chemical reaction allow for proceed, as well as the quantities of reactants and products that will remain after the reaction comes to an end. An understanding of chemical equilibrium and how it can manipulated is essential for anyone involved in interpersonal chemistry and its applications. The fundamental equation provides the basis for understanding chemical equilibrium.pH is Quantitative measure of stength of acidity and alkalinity of solution. When the concentration of H+ and OH- ions in aqueous solution ar frequently very small numbers and there fore inconvenient to work with, Soren Sorensen in 1909 proposed a more practical measure called pH. It is defined as the negative of the hydrogen ion concentration.pH= -logH+.Acidic and basic ar two extremes that describe a chemical property chemicals. Mixing acids and bases can cancel verboten or neutralize their extreme effects. A pith that is neither acidic nor basic is neutral.The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is. The pH ranges from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral. A pH less than 7 is acidic. A pH greater than 7 is basic.HISTORY-The plan of chemical equilibrium develop after Berthoket (1803) found that some chemical are reversible. For any reaction to be equilibrium, rate of forward reaction is have-to doe with rate of backward reaction, so at equilibrium nearly all the reactant are used up for to left it hardly any product make from reactant.In 1864 Guldberg and waage showed experimentally that in chemical reactions an equillibrium is reached that can be approached from either direction. They were apparently the first to realize t hat there is a mathematical relation betwixt the concentration of reactants and products at equillibrium. In 1877 vant hoff suggested that in the equillibrium expressions the concentrationof each reactant should appear to the first power, corresponding with the stochiometric numbers in the balanced chemical equation.The belief of pH was first introduced by Soren Peder Lauritz Sorensen at the carlsberg laboratory in 1909 and revised to the modern pH in 1924 after it became apparent that electromotive force in cells depended on drill rather than concentration of hydrogen ions.TYPES OF EQUILLIBRIUM-Physical equillibrium- Equillibrium between two phases of the same substance is called Physical equillibrium because the changes that occur are physical processes.e.g The vaporization of water in a closed container at a precondition temperature is an compositors case of physical equilibrium. In this instance the number of H2O molecules leaving and the number of returning to the unruffl ed phase are equal.H2O(l) = H2O(g)The study of physical equilibrium Yields useful information such as the equilibrium vapour pressure. If a reaction is-aA + bB = cC + dDwhere a, b, c and d are the stoichiometric coefficients for the reacting species A, B, C , and D. For the reaction at a particular temperatureK = (C)C (D)d(A)a (B)bwhere K is the equilibrium continuous.This equation was formulated by cato Guldberg and Petr occupy in 1864. It is the mathematical expressions of their law of mass of action, which holds that for a reversible reaction at equilibrium and a constant temperature, a certain ratio of reactant and product concentration has a constant value K. and the equilibrium constant does depend on the volume, concentration, catalyst, pressure e.t.c. It only depends upon temperature.The equilibrium constant ,then, is defined by a quotient, the numerator of which is obtained by multiplying together the equilibrium concentration of the products, each raised to a power equal to its stoichiometric coefficient in the balanced equation denoted by Q.If Q If Q K then reaction takes backward reaction.If Q = K then reaction is at equilibrium state.The magnitude of equilibrium constant tells whether the reaction favors the products or reactant.If K 1 , the equilibrium will lie to the right and favours the products.If K Homogeneous equillibrium- The term homogeneous equilibrium applies to reactions in which all reacting species are in the same phase.E.g An example of homogenous gas phase equilibrium is the dissociation of N2O4.N2O4 (g) = N2O4 (g)aA(g) = bB(g)then, Kc = (B)b/(A)athe concentrations of reactants and the products in gaseous reaction can also be expressed in basis of their partial pressures. At constant temperature the pressure P of gas is presently related to the concentrations in mol/ L of the gas. i.e P =(n/V)RT.And the expressions can be given by Kp = PbB/PaA where Pa and P b are the partial pressure of A and B. After substiuting these relat ions in to the expressions, we getKp=Kc(RT)b-aIf b-a is equal to zero, then reaction is at equilibrium.If b-a 0 , then backward reaction is favourable.If b-a Heterogeneous equilibrium- A heterogeneous equilibrium results from a reversible reaction and products that are in different phases.e.g when calcium carbonate is heated in a closed vessel, the following equilibrium is attained.CaCO3(S = CaO(S) + CO2If a reaction aA(S) + bB(s) = cC(s) + dD(g),the concentration of a straightforward , like its density , is an intensive property and does not depend on how much of the substance is present. In thermodynamics , the activity of pure solid us 1. Thus yhe concentration terms for A,B and C are unity. So,Kc = DdSimilarly , the activity of a pure liquid is also 1. Thus if a reactant or a product is a liquid, we cant omit in the equilibrium constant expressions.Also we can express the equilibrium constant asKp = P(D)d .Factor Affecting Equilibrium-Chemical equilibrium represents a balance between forward and reverse reactions. In most cases, this balance is quit delicate. alteration in experimental condition may disturb the balance and shift the equilibrium countersink so that variable can be controlled experimentally are concentration, pressure, volume and temperature.Effect of change of temperature- A change in concentration, pressure, or volume may alter the equilibrium position , that is, the relative amounts of reactants and products but it point not change the value of equilibrium constant .Only a change in temperature can alter the equilibrium constant. At equilibrium at a certain temperature, the heat effect is zero because there is no net reaction .If we treat heat as though it were a chemical reagent, than a rise in temperature adds heat to the organization and a drop in a temperature removes heat from the system .As with a change in any another(prenominal) parameter ,(concentration, pressure, or volume), the system shift to reduce the effect of the cha nge. Therefore, a temperature increase favours the endothermic direction (from left to right of the equilibrium equation ) and a temperature decrease favours the exothermic direction.In summary, a temperature increase favours an exothermic direction and a temperature decrease favours the exothermic reaction. The effect of changing temperature on an equilibrium constant is given by the van t Hoff equationd ln K/ d T = H/RT2Thus, for exothermic reactions, (H is negative) K decreases with an increase in temperature, but, for endothermic reactions, (H is positive) K increases with an increase temperature. An alternative formulation isd ln K/ d(1/T) = H/RAt first sight this appears to offer a means of obtaining the standard molar enthalpy of the reaction by studying the variation of K with temperature.Effect of change of pressure and volume- Change in pressure ordinarily do not effect the concentration of the reacting species in condensed phases(say, in an aqueous solution) because liqu ids and solids are virtually in compressible. On the other hand, concentration of gases are greatly affected by change in pressure. The greater the pressure, the smaller the volume, and vice versa. Note, too, that the term (n/V) is the concentration of the gas in mol/L, and it varies directly with pressure.In general an increase in pressure (decrease in volume) favours the net reaction that decreases the total numbers of moles of gases (the reverse reaction, in this case), and a decrease in pressure (increase in volume) favours the net reaction that increases the total numbers of moles of gases(here the forward reaction).For reaction in which there is no change in the numbers of moles of gases, a pressure (or volume)change has no effect on the position of equilibrium.Effect of catalyst at equilibrium -Catalyst does not affect the the equilibrium constant. And it can not shift the equilibrium positon. Catalyst only enhance the rate of reaction to reach the equilibrium position.Effect of concentration of reactant- Effect of concentration change the position of equilibrium. If we increase the concentration of the products shifts the equilibrium to left, and decreasing the concentration of the product shifts the equilibrium to right. These results are just predicted by Le Chatelier principle.Le chatelier principle- If an external latent hostility is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system adjusts in such a way that the stress is partially off set as the system reaches a new equilibrium position.pH -A MEASURE OF ACIDITY.Because the concentrations of H+ and OH- in aqueous solution are frequently very small numbers and thence inconvenient to work with, Soren Sorensen in 1909 proposed a more practical measure called pH.The pH of a solution is defined as the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration in (mol/L)pH = -log H3O+ or pH = -log H+The negative logarithm gives us a positive number for Ph, which otherwise would be negative receivable to small val ue of H+. Furthermore the term H+ permits only to the numerical part of the expression for hydrogen ion concentration, for we cant take the logarithm of units. Thus, like the equilibrium constant, the pH of a solution is a dimensionless quantity.Acidic solutions pH is less than 7.00.Basic solutions pH is more than 7.00.Neutral solutions pH is equal to 7.00.Notice that pH increases as H+ decreases.For real solutions, activity usually differs from concentrations, sometimes appreciably. Knowing the solute concentration, there are reliable ways based on thermodynamics for estimating its activity, but the details are beyond the scope of text.Keep in mind, therefore, that the measured pH of a solution is usually mot same as that , because the concentration of the H+ ion in molar concentration is not numerically equal to its activity value. Although we will continue to use concentration in our discussion, it is important to know that this approach will give us only an approximationOf the chemical process that actually take place in solution phase. In the laboratory, pH of a solution is measured with a pH meter.List of some pH of a number of common fluid, the pH of a body fluid varies greatly, depending on location and function. The low pH (high acidity) of gastric juices facilitates digestion whereas a higher pH of blood is necessary for transport of oxygen.APPLICATION OF pH-A pH indicator is substances that change colour virtually a particular pH. It is weak acid or weak base and the colour changes occur around 1pH unit either side of its acid dissociatian constant.For.ex. Naturaly occuring indicator litmus is red in acid solution and blue in alkaline solution.REFRENCES-P.W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry, third edition, Oxford University Press, 1985.F.van Zeggeren and S.N Steery,the computation of chemical equilibrium,1920.W.R.Smith and R.W.Mission,chemical equilibrium Analysis.RAYMOND CHANG, Williams college.

User authentication

User authenticationIntroductionI was appointed as the new Network Manager for Philadelphia Inc. It is a large multinational organisation which has an extensive meshwork of PCs comprising more than 1000 agreements. This organisation relies heavily on its vast network for its day to day operation. each potential risks need to be place and play downd as far as possible. Recently a large number of PCs were affected by a computer virus, do a work stoppage among the administration and tarradiddleing department. Following this incident of large scale virus infection, the guild management has decided to completely redirect examination all the ready reckoner warrantor precautions and procedures in use within the organisation. So, I occupy been designed to ensure that I mint pick out potential threats to the aegis of the organisations network and formulate appropriate action plans and security policies to play down the risks.Research and document the various prognosiss of n etwork security that need to be addressed including each of the next topicsAccess manoeuverUser authenticationFirewallsVirus fosterionAccessing the Internet (15 Marks)Im research and document the various aspects of network security that need to be addressed.Access gibeAccess control is the methods for imposing controls that forfeit or deny user coming to network resources, usually based on a users direct or a group to which the user belongs. Access control is security features that rule which resources users argon permitted to entrance fee, what type of get at they are allowed, and how numerous simultaneous users coffin nail bother a resource at the same time. They ensure info solitude and protection and help maintain a productive computing environment.User authenticationUser authentication is a security feature that allows an administrator to control who has access to the network and what users burn down do after they are recordged on to the network. This cogency involve confirming the identity of a person, the origins of an object, or assuring that a electronic estimator program is a trusted one. Authentication is the process of determining the identity of a network user by verifying a toughened of user credentials, typically a user ID and password.FirewallsA firewall is a combination of hardware and calculator software system components that provide a protective barrier amid networks with various security levels. Rules for transmitting and receiving info to and from the another(prenominal) network give the axe be established for the firewall so that specific types of items or addresses are not allowed to pass between the networks. It sits between the computer and the rest of the network, and according to some criteria, it decides which colloquy to allow, and which communication to b curl. Firewalls protect a computer or network from unauthorised access and attacks designed to cripple network or computer performance. Moreover, it is also a stratagem or set of devices assembled to permit, deny, encrypt, decrypt, or proxy all computer handicraft between different security domains based upon a set of rules and other criteria.Virus protectionVirus protection means securing data from viruses that is designed to demean data or make the computer or network operate inefficiently. Computer viruses are the programs that must be triggered or punish before they can infect the computer system and fete to others. Viruses can then be spread by sharing infected files on a network drive, man-portable drive, or other media, by exchanging infected files over the internet via e-mail attachments, or by downloading debatable files from the internet.Accessing the internetAccessing the internet is the telephone communication system that also covers the world linking telephones to halther. As with the telephone system, each device attached to the network can be reached through with(predicate) a unique code that represents that devices location. The telephone system access and services are supplied to phone users by an array of competing local, long-distance, and wireless telephone companies, access to the internet is also supplied through a number of access and hosting companies utilise an array of different connectivity methods.A user in your company calls to report that shes unable to log on to netmail. You respond with a couple of quick questions. Because you know that no one else is using the network right now, you cannot destine if the problem is unique to her machine or if the problem affects the entire network. Probing further, you also learn that shes unable to print. You decide this problem is probably easier to troubleshoot from the users computer.Using the structured troubleshooting method, abstract the things you must check and the questions you must ask when you arrive at the users office. Based on the possible responses to your questions, describe the actions you will take to posi tion the potential causes. (10 Marks)One of the users in our company reports me that shes unable to log on to her email grudge. So, I asked her some questions-How long the duration of your user account?Do you sure the log on user name and password is correct.When it starts to unable to log on to your email?After I arrive at the user department, I check her computer and network. I also learn that shes unable to print to a network printer. Probing some of the check, other users of this department can able to log on to their email account and can able to print. Therefore, I ask her a couple of quick questions again-What has changed since the operate time you worked?Have you installed anything on your own?Are there applications on your computer that arent on other computers?Firstly, I check the power is plugged in, the Caps lock is on, all the cables are attached and network permissions for her computer. Then I check that she can beat back a connection online or not by seek Google w ebsite and I see there is no connection online. So, I check the Ethernet cable and connection setting. In checking her problem, I document that what I do, so I can undo it if I need to. I use pink to check the computer can contact an IP address of another PC or not. (Ping is the simplest and well-nigh useful diagnostic tool to become familiar with and well worth a a couple of(prenominal) minutes experimentation.) The reply message is orison timed out. It is because of the connection or routing error. Then I restart the computer because 90% of all problems disappear when the computer is restart. To check the router, I Ping the local router, and it fails. So, the problem of the local LAN or the router is sure. Then, I find the router and switch to check the LED display. And I think they are not normal, so I switch the unit OFF, remove and immediately replace the power connection, then switch the unit ON. After it has done, I go back to the computer and retry to Ping the local route r. I have successfully sent a message to the local router and receive a response. Then, I check the computer can get a connection online or not, and can able to browse the website or not. Then I see the computer successfully get a connection online. So, I check the email account can be able to log on or not and the printer can be able to print or not. Then I see the problems of the user are successfully solved.Task 3Produce a shelter Review report, which details the specific threats to network security for ALL of the topics identified in Task 1, namely Access Control, User Authentication, Firewalls, Virus Protection, and Accessing the Internet, along with your proposed solutions aimed at reducing the risks associated with each threat. (35 Marks)Access ControlAccess control can identify the users, and verify their identity through an authentication process so they can be held responsible for their actions. Good access control systems record and timestamp all communication theory an d transactions so that access to systems and information can be audited later. The chief(a) objective of access control is to preserve and protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information, systems, and resources.I use role-based access control and rule-based access control to identify the user. Role-based access control systems allow users to access systems and information based on their role within the organisation. It allows end-users access to information and resources based on their role within the organisation. Roles based access can be applied to groups of people or individuals.Rule-based access control systems allow users to access systems and information based on pre-determined and pieced rules. Rules can be established that allow access to all end-users coming from a particular domain, host, network, or IP addresses.User AuthenticationUser authentication is an important aspect of network computer security. For network computer, ill-treat can be cau sed by hacking, malicious messages, viruses, malwares, adwares, email attachments, downloading illegal materials and many other types of activity. Moreover, the secret information of the company can be stolen by the attacker using spywares and Trojan horses.User authentication will reduce this harm by limiting individuals access to a few systems, rather than the whole Internet. Network operating systems include tools that enable administrators to do a number of options and restrictions on how and when users can log on to the network. There are options for password complexity requirements, logon hours, logon locations, and hostile logons, among others. After a user is logged on, file system access controls and user permission settings determine what a user can access on a network and what actions a user can perform on the network.So I specify the numbers of options and policies for user authentication. I specify that the password is required for all users of the company, to use the companys computer. The user password length must be typically a minimum of five to eight characters and user passwords must have three of these four characteristics lowercase earn (such(prenominal) as abc), uppercase garner (such as ABC), numbers (such as 123), and special characters (such as emailprotected). And I specify the policy that can lock the user account to prevent from logging on, when a user enters an incorrect password five times. According to the user account and password, I control which user can access to the network and what he/she can do on the network.FirewallsFirewalls protect against extraneous attempts to access unauthorized resources, and they protect against malicious network packets intended to disable or cripple a embodied network and its resources. Second use of firewalls placed between the internet and the incorporate network is to restrict corporate user access to internet resources.Firewalls can identify and block remote access Trojans (Trojan hors e). Trojan horse is a program that purports to be a useful software tool, but it actually performs unintended (and frequently unauthorized) actions or installs malicious or damaging software behind the scenes when launched. Sometimes get some program via ICQ or via IRC and believe this program to be something good, part in fact runnel it will do something less nice to the computer. Such program is called Trojan horses. The difference of a Trojan and a virus is that a virus has the ability to self-replicate and to distribute itself, while a Trojan lacks this ability. A special type of Trojan is Remote Access Trojans (RAT). These Trojans once perpetrated in the victims computer, start to listen to incoming communication from a remote matching program that the attacker uses. When they get instructions from the remote program, they act accordingly, and thus let the user of the remote program to execute commands on the victims computer.Firewalls can identify and block remote communic ation efforts to the more common RAT and by thus blocking the attacker, and identifying the RAT. There are many other types of Trojan horses which may try to communicate with the outside from the computer. Whether they are e-mail worms trying to distribute themselves using their own SMTP engine, or they might be password stealers, or anything else. Many of them can be identified and blocked by a firewall.So, I run the firewall on the server and all the desktop computers to protect Trojans, malware, and to prevent users from accessing offensive Websites or bandwidth-intensive centre that might not be the best use of an employees time or the networks bandwidth.Firewall devices from different vendors vary quite a bit in configuration details, but they are all based on one premise Rules are created to determine what type of traffic is allowed to enter and exit the network. To configure a firewall, I build rules that allow only certain packets to enter or exit the network. The firewall can examine all incoming packets and discard packets with a destination address of the networks restricted segment.Virus ProtectionIn internet-connected networks, virus attacks are a regular threat. Users download programs, mold disks from home, reposition sticks, and open e-mail attachments are normal computing activities, but they can also bring viruses into the network.A virus is a program that spreads by copy itself into other programs or documents. Computer virus can attack computer systems and perform a variety of functions ranging from annoying to dangerous. Its individual purpose is to disrupt computer or network operation by deleting or corrupting files, formatting disks, or using large amounts of computer resources. If a server file accessed by other users on the network is infected, the virus can spread through the network in a matter of seconds.To protect the spread of viruses, one of the most effective ways is to buy virus-protection software from a reputable source. Antivirus software is program that can interpret and remove known viruses which have contracted. Most antivirus software is also designed to detect and prevent worms and viruses. The software can also be set to automatically contemplate disks when inserted into the disk drive, scan files when downloaded from the Internet, or scan e-mail when received. However antivirus software is available in many commercial and open source versions, the license-version of the antivirus software from reputable source is more secure and undeviating than others.So, I run the standard antivirus software from reputable source in server and every desktop computer, and turn-on the scanning features. But by running antivirus software can only protect against viruses that it knows about. Therefore, virus definition files (update files) for antivirus software are inevitable to download from the internet daily or weekly. To get the maximal protection against viruses on the computer, make sure to keep an tivirus definition files current.Another way to protect the data from virus infection is backup the files which helps to recover the data if the original files infected by the virus.Accessing the InternetThe internet access is the essential thing to communicate between privileged or external organisation for many purposes. Thousands of companies have discovered the pervasive power of the Web in distributing information, selling products, supporting customer service, and staying in touch with clients and customers. By using the internet, we can get important business information which is necessary for competition and improvement of the company.However the internet is useful for us, but also the internet attack can harm the business. The internet attacks are organised and designed to steal information and resources from the customers and the organisation. Input validation attacks using the Common Gateway Interface (CGI), Active Server Pages (ASP), and nippy Fusion Markup Language (C FML) programs stem from either a web developer or vendor failure. The basic problem happens from the lack of sanitizing the arousal to a particular script. Without input validation and sanitizing, it is possible for attackers to submit a particular character, along with a local command, as a parameter and have the web server execute it locally. Sometimes, the virtual website of the attackers steals user information and users credit card details.If all kinds user can get permission to access the network, the private information of the organisation can be stolen by the attacker using the internet. So that I control the user access to the network resources by using access control and identifying the user account to verify the network permission for the user.Task 4Create a set of Acceptable Use Policies for each of the followingAccessing the WWWEmail habitudeInstant Messengers and murmur roomsEach of these documents should provide a set of guidelines for users which will minimise any associated security threats. (30 Marks)To minimise any potential risks and associated security threats of the organisations network, all the staff of the company should agree the following policies for accessing the World Wide Web, email usage, instant messengers, and impose rooms. entirely the staff has responsibility to use the resources in an efficient, effective, ethical and lawful manner.In our organisation, access to the internet is available for the staffs to support informational, educational and communicable. So, staffs should agree the following internet access policies.Policies for accessing the WWWThe use of Internet is strongly restricted to official company business. Personal use or time played out for personal gain is purely prohibited.Authorisation for Internet access must be obtained through your supervisor. Once authorisation is approved you are responsible for the security of your account password and you will be held responsible for all use or misuse of your account. You must maintain secure passwords and never use an account assigned to another user.Staffs are strongly prohibited to accessing internet websites that contain obscene, hateful, pornographic, politics or otherwise illegal material.Never copy or impartation electronic files without permission.Prohibit copying and sending any confidential or proprietary information, or software that is protected by copyright and other laws protect intellectual property.Downloading a file or application from the Internet can bring viruses with it. Should be scan all downloaded files with standard virus prevention software before being saved on the companys network.All downloaded applications must be accepted by the companys IT administrator or company owner before being installed on the companys network.Hacking into unauthorised areas and other employees computers are rigorously prohibited.Confidential information is not to be transmitted over the internet without proper encryption.Introducin g any form of computer virus or malicious software into the corporate network is strictly prohibited.Email usage policyEmail is to be used for company business only. Company confidential information must not be divided up outside of the Company without authorisation, at any time.When conducting companys business, only use the companys official email account for staff such as emailprotectedStaffs are not to conduct personal business using the Company computer or email.All messages must show the genuine sender information (from where and from whom the message originated).The representation of yourself as someone else, real or fictional, or a message sent anonymously is prohibited.Emails for the purposes that violate company perspective or regulations, or for an illegal or criminal purpose may not be sent or forwarded through a companys network.Management has the right to access all e-mail files created, received, or stored on company systems and such files can be accessed without pri or notification.Email attachments can bring viruses, you should scan for virus after and before downloading the attachments with standard virus prevention software.Do not open any e-mail attachments if you do not severalize the sender.Forwarding of company confidential messages to external locations is strongly prohibited.Introducing any form of computer virus or malicious software into the corporate network is strictly prohibited.Policies for instant messengers and chat roomsChats, also known as Internet Relay Chat (IRC), as well as Instant Messaging (IM), are very popular modes of quickly communicating with others. In using these IRC and IM, staffs should agree the following policies. These policies provide staffs with effective and consistent instant messaging (IM) use and content standards.Staffs are prohibited from downloading and using personal instant messenger software such as MSN or Yahoo to transmit messages via the public internet.All IM communications and information tr ansmitted, received, or archived in the companys IM system belong to the company.The instant messaging and chatting system is intended for business use only. Staffs are prohibited from wasting computer resources, colleagues time, or their own time by sending personal instant messages or engaging in unnecessary chat related to to business.Treat messages as business records that may be retained and used as evidence in litigation, audits, and investigations.Always use professional and appropriate expression in all instant messages. Staffs are prohibited from sending abusive, harassing, threatening, menacing, discriminatory, disrespectful, or otherwise offensive instant messages.Staffs may not use instant messengers and chat rooms to transmit confidential, proprietary, personal, or potentially embarrassing information about the company, employees, clients, business associates, or other third parties.Introducing any form of computer virus or malicious software into the corporate networ k is strictly prohibited.Task 5Prepare and supply a short presentation to your tutor using a presentation package like Power Point which summarises the major points in your Security Report and your proposed Acceptable Usage policies. (10 Marks)I prepare and deliver a short presentation to the tutor using a Power Point presentation which summarises the major points in my Security Report and my proposed Acceptable Usage policies.Network computerised system can contain various potential threats. To minise that risks, network security is required.In this presentation, I want to talk about five topics to configure network securityAccess ControlUser AuthenticationFirewallsVirus ProtectionAccessing the InternetAccess control can control the user account and identify the user. It can verify user identity through an authentication process so users can be held responsible for their actions. Primary objective of access control is to preserve and protect the confidentiality, integrity, and ava ilability of information, systems, and resources.I use role-based access control and rule-based access control to identify the user. Role-based access control systems allow users to access systems and information based on their role within the organisation. Roles based access can be applied to groups of people or individuals. Rule-based access control systems allow users to access systems and information based on pre-determined and configured rules. Rules can be established that allow access to all end-users coming from a particular domain, host, network, or IP addresses.User authentication can determine the identity of a network user. For network computer, harm can be caused by hacking, malicious messages, viruses, malwares, adwares, email attachments, downloading illegal materials and many other types of activity. User authentication can reduce this harm by limiting individuals access to a few systems, rather than the whole internet. Network administrator can control user log on a nd specify user permission on the network.So, I configure some options and policies for user authentication. I specify that the password is required for all users of the company, to use the companys computer. The user password length must be typically a minimum of five to eight characters and user passwords must have three of these four characteristics lowercase letters (such as abc), uppercase letters (such as ABC), numbers (such as 123), and special characters (such as emailprotected). And I specify the policy that can lock the user account to prevent from logging on, when a user enters an incorrect password five times. According to the user account and password, I control which user can access to the network and what he/she can do on the network.Firewalls protect against outside attempts to access unauthorised resources, and they protect against malicious network packets intended to disable or cripple a corporate network and its resources. And also use to restrict corporate user access to inter resources. Firewalls can identify and block remote access Trojans (Trojan horse). Network administrator can configure the rules for what type of traffic is allowed to enter and exit the network. The firewall can examine all incoming packets and discard packets.In internet-connected networks, virus attacks are a regular threat. Users download programs, bring disks from home, memory sticks, and open e-mail attachments are normal computing activities, but they can also bring viruses into the network. To protect the spread of viruses, one of the most effective ways is to buy virus-protection software from a reputable source. Antivirus software is program that can scan and remove known viruses which have contracted. Most antivirus software is also designed to detect and prevent worms and viruses. The software can also be set to automatically scan disks when inserted into the disk drive, scan files when downloaded from the Internet, or scan e-mail when received. But by run ning antivirus software can only protect against viruses that it knows about. Therefore, virus definition files (update files) for antivirus software are needed to download from the internet daily or weekly. To get the maximum protection against viruses on the computer, make sure to keep antivirus definition files current. Another way to protect the data from virus infection is backup the files which helps to recover the data if the original files infected by the virus.Accessing the internet is the essential thing to communicate between internal or external organisation. However the internet is useful for us, the internet attack can harm the business. The internet attacks are organised and designed to steal information and resources from the customers and the organisation. If all kinds user can get permission to access the network, the private information of the organisation can be stolen by the attacker using the internet. So that I control the user access to the network resources by using access control and identifying the user account to verify the network permission for the user.To minimise any potential risks and associated security threats of the organisations network, all the staff of the company should agree the policies for accessing the World Wide Web, email usage, instant messengers, and chat rooms. All the staff has responsibility to use the resources in an efficient, effective, ethical and lawful manner.ReferenceWeb Referencewww.en.wikepedia.orgwww.businesslink.gov.ukwww.3w.netwww.answer.comwww.procompgroup.comhttp//humanresources.about.comhttp//netsecurity.about.comhttp//answers.yahoo.comwww.zytrax.comwww.windowsnetworking.comwww.cryer.co.ukBook ReferenceTitle Guide to Networking Essentials ( 5th Edition)Author relieve oneself Greg Tomsho, Ed Tittel, David JohnsonAccess date time 13 July 2009, 630 pmTitle Fundamentals of Hardware and Operating Systems (Operating System Technologies) A+ Fifth EditionAuthor Name Charles J.BrooksAccess date time 15 July 2009, 500 pmTitle Fundamentals of Hardware and Operating Systems (Software Service Technicians) A+ Fifth EditionAuthor Name Charles J.BrooksAccess date time 16 July 2009, 700 pm

Are Eyewitness Identifications Reliable?

Are Eyewitness Identifications Reliable?Eyewitness namings during identification procedures such as show ups, love line ups and pictorial matter line ups be reliable to an extent in the forensic discipline, but ar broadly speaking fragile when assisting police with their enquiries regarding suspects and offenders, due to the fact that the reli readiness is dependent on a variety of factors relating to the memory of the witness and situational context of the crime. There be three types of memories centripetal memory, (very short duration for which sense-based information is held post exposure (Lecture (2015)), short term memory (information that g get on with be stick ind for approximately thirty act without rehearsal (Lecture (2015)) and long-term memory (the unlimited amount of information that can be stored over a lifetime of rehearsal (Lecture (2015)). The computer memory influence refers to the factors relating to the input of information, the keepold age of time for which the information is stored and output of witness information through with(predicate) different types of inquisitive. The input aspect of the computer memory model can be separated into witness and situation categories which accommodate factors such as breed and age.Stress is a crucial factor when determining the reliability of eyewitness identification as it can diminish the accuracy of the memory and is largely dependent on whether the victim or witness has experienced a untrained crime such as an armed robbery or aggravated assault. Research studies have been conducted in the area of stress/arousal, concluding that there is a correlation between amply anxiety exposure and errors associated with eyewitness memory. Coinciding with this research finding is the correlation between trait anxiety and a significantly lower frequency in errors associated with eyewitness memory.A research study was conducted by the University of London, investigating the effects of high st ate anxiety on the instrumentalists abilities to diagnose and run along the antagonist from a horror labyrinth present in a line up. This was sparked due to the fact that 215 individuals were acquitted after being falsely impris singled in the United State of America following the re-opening of cases using DNA from the crime scenes(Valentine and Mesout, (2009), varlet 151). This mistaken eyewitness identification was a cause of the miscarriage of justice, of 75% of these cases (Valentine and Mesout, (2009), rogue 151). The study consisted of two sample multitudes the first sample group consisted of 20 employees from a retail store whose participation helped legitimize the state anxiety inventory. Each employees standard heart rate was monitored and recorded during a brisk seven minute laissez passer prior to entering the labyrinth, once entered the participants encountered a frightening individual before continuing on with the exhibit and completing the state anxiety inventory questionnaire forty five legal proceeding later. This sample proved that there was an increase in heart rate which was caused by psychological arousal when entering the London Dungeon. The eyewitness study group consisted of 56 participants and also encountered the scary someone in the labyrinth similarly they completed the state anxiety questionnaire forty five minutes later and a trait anxiety questionnaire followed by a written free call description of the scary person and a cue telephone before rating their confidence after completing an impartial pic line-up consisting of nine individuals. The results of the research study concluded that participants who describe lower state anxiety recalled more correct descriptors (Valentine and Mesout, 2009, summon 157), which would obviously indicate that people who reported higher state anxiety recalled fewer correct details (Valentine and Mesout,2009, varlet 157) of the antagonist. Furthermore, participants who reported high stat e anxiety were less likely to correctly disclose the scary person (Valentine and Mesout, 2009, knave 158), which is statistically shown as only 17% of eyewitnesses correctly identified the person from a nine-person culprit-present photograph line-up (Valentine and Mesout, 2009, page 159). Additionally, there is a link between sex and state anxiety suggesting that male eyewitnesses are more accurate in their identification in analogy to their female counter-parts, which could be due to the fact the females experienced higher anxiety levels than males in London Dungeon (Valentine and Mesout, 2009, page 158, 159). However, dis heedless of the different results between sexes and state anxiety, overall the results clearly indicate that psychological arousal experienced during exposure to high stress situations for both(prenominal)(prenominal) genders, significantly affects the ability of eyewitnesses to recall information and recognize culprits during identification procedures, whi ch diminishes their reliability.Similarly, a field study was also conducted during U.S Army survival school training, which was imperative for gaining optimal research results preferably than research studies conducted in laboratories. The investigation was conducted on five hundred and nine active personnel enrolled in military survival school training (Morgan et al., 2004, page 3). The participants were separated into four different studies, each focusing on a specific identification procedure when attempting to recognize instructors during simulated high and low stress interrogations during the prisoner of war camp phase of training. Of the 228 participants in the first study group which pore on the live line-up method of identification, 188 participants were interrogated by two instructors spot 40 participants were interrogated by one instructor (Morgan et al., 2004). The second study group consisted of 114 subjects which focused on the photo line-up method of identification (Morgan et al., 2004). The third group comprised of 167 participants who focused on the photo line-up method while on a lower floor high stress and lastly the fourth group focused on the photo line-up identification method while under low stress (Morgan et al., 2004). Following the interrogations and according to the identification method their study group focused on, each participant was required to identify the instructors present in the questioning. The results confirmed the general point of view that by exposing individuals to high stress situations, the subjects ability to recognize the target person was impaired due to the overwhelming influx of emotions the participant experienced at the time. The data collated suggests that the cruel justice system would benefit substantially in cut down the number of cases of innocently imprisoned individuals, if law enforcement agencies shifted their attention towards the sequential method of eyewitness identification. Statistics indic ate that the sequential photo method is considerably accurate than the live line-up and photo spread method (Morgan et al., 2004). This is due to that fact that study group 3 and 4 scored the lowest in high stress situations 49%(Morgan et al., 2004, page 8) in their ability to correctly identified their interrogator (Morgan et al., 2004, page 7) , 100%(Morgan et al., 2004, page 8 ) in their ability to correctly identified that their interrogator was not present in the sequential presentation of photos (Morgan et al., 2004, page 7), and recorded fewer errors (51%)(Morgan et al., 2004) in their ability to not pick their true interrogator (Morgan et al., 2004, page 7), in comparison to study group 1 and 2, who were focusing on alternative identification methods. Furthermore, evidence suggests that eyewitness identifications can be increasingly reliable during high stress situations with the aid of cued photographs (49%)(Morgan et al., 2004, page 9) than without (66%)(Morgan et al., 20 04, page 9 ). Nevertheless, regardless of different identification procedures, the reliability of eyewitnesses to recall and recognize the target person under high anxiety is steadily lower compared to low anxiety situations.Like stress, the ability of eyewitnesses to correctly identify the target person during procedures of recognition, is dependent on the age of the witness therefore only reliable to an extent. Most research studies conducted conclude with findings indicating that the ability to accurately identify the culprit is higher among teenagers and young adults, in comparison to middle aged and ripened adults, as the common conception is that with age comes reduced facial recognition due to impaired memory. However, most of these research studies include young assailants therefore failing to recognise that eyewitness identifications of older adults are reliable to an extent, if the set off person is of the same age.A research study group conducted two samples in London, experimentation 1 consisted of 113 randomCaucasian male (Wright Stroud, 2002, page 645) participants, who were inexperienced in identification procedures and were selected from either their workplace leisure area or around the university (Wright Stroud, 2002, page 645). The subjects were then divided in two sample groups depending on their age, between 18 and 25 or 35 and 55 historic period old (Wright Stroud, 2002, page 645). Both sample groups comprised of approximately half young adults and half middle aged adults, and were depute to either a 1-day or a 1-week assure (Wright Stroud, 2002, page 645). Participants were required to independently view four tvs for which two showed a car being stolen (by one young culprit in the first video and one adult culprit in the second video) and two showed a television being stolen (by one young culprit and one adult culprit) (Wright Stroud, 2002, page 645). Volunteers were then required to accurately identify the trigger person in a culprit present photo line-up consisting of six fillers and one culprit (Wright Stroud, 2002, page 645), a day or week later. Results collated indicate that middle aged adults assigned to the one day condition find it notably difficult in identifying young offenders, pull ahead only 24% in the ability to positively identify the younger culprit (Wright Stroud, 2002). Results continued to decline for middle aged adults assigned to the one week condition as they were only 20% accurate in positively identifying the younger culprit in comparison to younger adults, scoring 47% in their accuracy after one day and 29% after one week (Wright Stroud, 2002). However, results indicate that although middle aged adults struggled to accurately identify the young assailant in the one day condition, their ability to positively identify there same age culprit scored 47% in accuracy. try out 2 was conducted similarly, although it explored if age biases were present during culprit absent photo l ine-ups. The study consisted of an rundownal 180 (Wright Stroud, 2002, page 649) subjects which were divided again into two separate age groups ranging from 18 and 33 or between 40 and 55 years old (Wright Stroud, 2002, page 649). Researchers also removed the one week condition from the experiment as effect size was largest for the 1-day delay (Wright Stroud, 2002, page 649) in the first experiment. Participants viewed the four crime videos again and were then required to accurately identify the trigger person in a culprit present or culprit absent photo line-up. Among both age groups, the accuracy of subjects increased by 10% when the assailant and filler were of the same age of the participants during the culprit present line-up (Wright Stroud, 2002) , which was also evident in first experiment. However, during culprit absent photo line-up, the statistics indicated that own age biases (Wright Stroud, 2002, page 652) exist only with culprit present photo line-ups due to the f act that middle aged adults wont be more likely than younger participants to identify an innocent young suspect, but they will be more likely to fail to identify a at fault young culprit (Wright Stroud, 2002, page 652).Similarly, a research study was conducted with broader younger and older age groups, ranging from 16-33 years and 60- 82 years old (Memon, Bartlett, move Gray, 2003, page 44). The study consisted of 172 (Memon, Bartlett, travel Gray, 2003, page 44) volunteers for which younger participants were selected from their respective local colleges (Memon, Bartlett, Rose Gray, 2003, page 44) ,while older participants were selected based on their reply to local flyers in local centres, clubs, and societies (Memon, Bartlett, Rose Gray, 2003, page 44). Participants were required to participate in a face-source memory designate (Memon, Bartlett, Rose Gray, 2003, page 45) prior to watching two videos for which there was a young offender or older offender engaging in a c riminal activity. Subjects were then assigned to the delay or immediate test condition session (Memon, Bartlett, Rose Gray, 2003, page 46) and took part in two line-ups with the perpetrator either present or .absent (Memon, Bartlett, Rose Gray, 2003, page 46). They were then subsequently made to repeat the facial recollection task for which participants needed to identify old (seen in session 1) or new (not seen in session 1) (Memon, Bartlett, Rose Gray, 2003, page 46) faces. The median statistics of younger versus older adults indicate the same results as of experiment 1 and 2 of the previous article, that overall, younger participants were able to correctly identify the culprit (.86) (Memon, Bartlett, Rose Gray, 2003, page 46) regardless of time delay in comparison to older participants (.49) (Memon, Bartlett, Rose Gray, 2003,page 46). However, the most notably important relationship of the statistics, is the correlation between the accurate recognition of culprits among bot h age groups and the measure of source recollection derived from a separate face-recognition task (Memon, Bartlett, Rose Gray, 2003, page 43). Results reveal that older adults recorded noticeably poorer on the task thus indicating that source-recollection deficits are partially responsible for age-related differences in performance of the line-up task (Memon, Bartlett, Rose Gray, 2003, page 43).Mistaken identification by eyewitnesses during show up, live line-up and photo line-up procedures, contribute significantly to the number of unjustly imprisoned individuals, some of which (340) have already been executed. Almost all research studies conclude with contradictory evidence to one an other however there are clear patterns among results of factors, which influence the reliability of eyewitness recall and recognition. The situational factor of witness stress/psychological arousal, determines the extent for which eyewitness recall are dependable on during testimonies. Exposure to h igh stress situations, increase state anxiety, which diminishes the dependability of eyewitness memory recall across both genders. Variables such as gender differences also indicate that women in comparison to men are less accurate in their ability to identify and describe the trigger person. However, the assistance of cued photographs during sequential photo method identification procedures, have proven to increase accuracy of descriptors and facial recognition of the perpetrator, which if implemented across the criminal justice system, would increase the reliability of eyewitness identifications along with reducing the number of innocently imprisoned citizens. Strict guidelines for unbiased questioning during eyewitnesses interviews, would also reduce suggestibility and introduce false memories.The most contradictory research evidence stems from the accuracy of younger and older eyewitnesses. Although studies generally show that younger adults are more accurate in either identif ying or describing culprits, these studies fail to recognise that to an extent, that younger adults are only higher in their accuracy rates, due to the fact that young culprits are mostly used across all studies. Eyewitness reliability in terms of age was dependant on a variety of factors. Firstly, experiments conducted have shown that there is a correlation between higher accuracy results of older adults and their ability to identify same age (older) culprits in target present line-ups. Secondly, time also compete a crucial factor as accuracy of both age groups were dependant on short or long delays in recognition, with older participants change magnitude in accuracy with increasing time. However overall, younger participants were s easyly more accurate regardless of age difference and time delay. This would indicate that immediate questioning and identification procedures would increase the accuracy of identifications for older eyewitnesses.By Mathew FranczakReferencesWright, D. , Stroud, J. (2002). Age differences in lineup identification accuracy People are better with their own age. rightfulness And Human Behavior, 26(6), 641-654. doi10.1023/a1020981501383Valentine, T., Mesout, J. (2009). Eyewitness identification under stress in the London Dungeon. Appl. Cognit. Psychol., 23(2), 151. doi10.1002/acp.1463Morgan, C., Hazlett, G., Doran, A., Garrett, S., Hoyt, G., Thomas, P. et al. (2004). Accuracy of eyewitness memory for persons encountered during exposure to highly intense stress. International Journal Of Law And Psychiatry, 27(3), 265-279. doi10.1016/j.ijlp.2004.03.004Memon, A., Bartlett, J., Rose, R., Gray, C. (2003). The Aging Eyewitness Effects of Age on Face, Delay, and Source-Memory Ability. The Journals Of Gerontology Series B Psychological Sciences And companionable Sciences, 58(6), P338-P345. doi10.1093/geronb/58.6.p338The Mitochondria Structure, Functions and ReactionsThe Mitochondria Structure, Functions and ReactionsMitochondria are rod -shaped structures that are enclosed within two membranes the outer membrane and the inner membrane. The membranes are made up of phospholipids and proteins. The musculus quadriceps femoris in between the two membranes is called the inter-membrane space. The structure of the various components of mitochondria are as follows The outer membrane is a relatively simple phospholipid bilayer, containing protein structures called porins. Ions, nutrient molecules, adenosine tri inorganic phosphate, ADP, etc. can pass through the outer membrane with ease. The inner membrane is freely permeable only to oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water. Its structure is highly mingled, including all of the complexes of the electron transport system, the adenosine triphosphate synthetase complex, and transport proteins. There are folds present which are organized into lamillae (layers), called the cristae. The cristae greatly increase the total surface area of the inner membrane which makes room for some(p renominal) more of the above-named structures than if the inner membrane were shaped like the outer membrane. The membranes create two compartments. The intermembrane space is the region between the inner and outer membranes. It has an important position in the primary function of mitochondria, which is oxidative phosphorylation. The matrix is a complex mixture of enzymes that are important for the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate molecules, special mitochondrial ribosomes, tRNAs and the mitochondrial DNA. similarly these, it has oxygen, carbon dioxide and other recyclable intermediates.In glycolysis, what type of reactions do hexokinase and phosphofructokinase catalyze? In general, what is the importance of these reactions or in other words what makes them unique in the glycolysis pathway?The first step in glycolysis is phosphorylation of glucose by a family of enzymes called hexokinases to form glucose 6-phosphate (G6P). This reaction consumes ATP, but it acts to keep the gl ucose concentration low, promoting continuous transport of glucose into the cell through the plasma membrane transporters. In addition, it blocks the glucose from leaking out because the cell lacks transporters for G6P.Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is a glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the irreversible impartation of a phosphate from ATP to fructose-6-phosphate. Because this reaction is irreversible, PFK is the key regulatory enzyme for glycolysis. When ATP levels are high in the cell, the cell no longer needs metabolic energy production to occur. In this case, PFKs activity is inhibited by allosteric regularization by ATP itself, closing the valve on the flow of carbohydrates through glycolysis.In general, how are fats and proteins utilized during cellular metabolism?Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen , and sometimes other atoms. They form the cellular structural elements, are biochemical catalysts, and are important regulators of gene expression . Digestion breaks p rotein down to amino acids. If amino acids are in overplus of the bodys biological requirements, they are metabolized to glycogen or fat and subsequently used for energy metabolism. If amino acids are to be used for energy their carbon skeletons are converted to acetyl CoA, which enters the Krebs cycle for oxidation, producing ATP. The final products of protein catabolism include carbon dioxide, water, ATP, urea, and ammonia.What two molecules combine in the TCA cycle to form Citrate? Where did each trumpeter molecule come from?The Citric Acid cycle begins with acetyl-CoA transferring its two-carbon acetyl group to the four-carbon acceptor conflate called oxaloacetate to form a six-carbon compound called citrate.Acetly-CoA is created when from the reaction of pyruvate dehydrogenase. Oxaloacetate is created from a combination of pyruvate carboxylase and Malate dehydrogenase.Would you endure to find the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in an anaerobic bacterium? Explain why or why n ot and explain what task this complex performs.Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is a complex of three enzymes that transform pyruvate into acetyl-CoA by a lick called pyruvate decarboxylation which involves the oxidation of pyruvate. Since anaerobic bacterium only exists in oxygen-free environments you would not expect them to contain this complex.What are high energy electrons and what is represented by an oxidation-reduction potential? Using this knowledge briefly explain the importance of Figure 5.14 and the role of the high energy electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 in the creation of ATP.Why are the electron transport chain complexes referred to as proton pumps?Electron transport chains are biochemical reactions that produce ATP. ATP is made by an enzyme called ATP synthase. ATP synthase is powered by a transmembrane proton gradient, which conduct protons from high to low concentration across the membrane. In essence running(a) to pump protons through a proton channel which tem porarily opens in the inner membraneHow are NADH and FADH2 different when it comes to interacting with the ETC?NADH+H+ arrives from pose II of carbohydrate metabolism or Stage III (TCA cycle) to the ETC and immediately oxidizes to NAD+ with its protons (hydrogen ions) going into the matrix and its electrons (e-) going to cytochrome complex 1. As the electrons arrive on cyctrochrome complex 1 the complex immediately goes through oxidoreduction (reduction and oxidation). This reaction creates a proton pump within the cytochrome, pumping some protons from the matrix through the cytochrome into the intermembrane space. The electrons now transfer to mobile carrier Q and NAD+ returns to its original source.FADH2 arrives from the TCA cycle to the ETC and goes treatly to cytochrome mobile carrier Q. FADH2 oxidizes to FAD with its protons going into the matrix and its electrons going to mobile carrier Q. liquid carrier Q shuttles the electrons from FADH2 (and from cytochrome 1) to cytoch rome complex 2. The electrons are transferred to cytochrome complex 2 and it immediately goes through redox (reduction and oxidation). This creates a proton pump, pumping protons from the matrix through cytochrome complex 2 directly into the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion. FAD returns to the TCA cycle.What does the proton-motive force represent (you dont need to explain the formula)?A proton-motive force represents the energy that is generated by the transfer of protons or electrons across an energy-transducing membrane.Describe the structure of ATP synthase and the binding change hypothesis of mitochondrial ATP production.ATP synthase is made up of two portions, F1 and F0. The FO portion is within the membrane of the mitochnodria and the F1 portion is above the membrane, in spite of appearance the matrix of the mitochondria.The binding change mechanism involves the active direct of a subunit cycling between three states. In the open state, ADP and phosphate enter the a ctive site. The protein then closes up around the molecules and binds them loosely the loose state. The enzyme then undergoes another change in shape and forces these molecules together, with the active site in the resulting tight state binding the newly-produced ATP molecule with very high affinity. Finally, the active site cycles back to the open state, releasing ATP and binding more ADP and phosphate, ready for the next cycle of ATP production.Describe the structure of a chloroplast and give a brief summary of its evolutionary origin.The chloroplast is the organelle where photosynthesis occurs in photosynthetic eukaryotes. The organelle is surrounded by a double membrane. Inside the inner membrane is a complex mix of enzymes and water. This is called stroma and is important as the site of the dark reactions, more properly called the Calvin cycle. Within in the stroma is a network of stacked sacs. Each stack is called a granum and each of the flattened sacs which make up the gran um is called a thylakoid. Each thylakoid has a series of photosystems and associated proteins. The photosystems contain chlorophyll and other pigments and all these associated structures in the thylakoid membrane are the site for the light reactions in which light energy is converted to chemical energy needed for the Calvin cycle in the dark reaction.Chloroplasts are believed to have arisen as free living bacteria that became endosymbiont with the ancestors of photosynthetic eukaryotes. An endosymbiont is any organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism.Briefly describe the experiment performed by Ruben and Kamen and describe what this experiment helped to prove.Ruben and Kamen bombarded graphite in the cyclotron, a type of particle accelerator,in hopes of producing a radioactive isotope of carbon that could be used as a tracer in investigating chemical reactions in photosynthesis. Their experiment resulted in production of carbon-14.What is the photosynthetic ro le of the light-harvesting antenna pigments?In photosynthetic systems a variable number of pigments act as light-harvesting antenna to absorb and direct solar energy to photochemical reaction centers. The effectiveness of the reaction centers depends on the efficient transfer of excitation energy from these antenna molecules.In plants, what are photosystems, what is the importation of the primary P680 and P700 pigments, and how do these fit into the Z scheme arrangement depicted in Figure 6.10 of your text?Photosystems are protein complexes that are found in the thylakoid membranes of plants. They are involved in photosynthesis as enzymes which use light to reduce molecules. There are two families of photosystems. Within photosystem type 1 is the P700 reaction center. Its absorption spectrum peaks at 700 nm. When photosystem I absorbs light, an electron is excited to a higher energy level in the P700 chlorophyll. These electrons are moved in pairs in an oxidation/reduction process from P700 to electron acceptors. Within photosystem type II is the P680 reaction center. Its absorption spectrum peaks at 680nm.What is photolysis and what is its significance during photosynthesis?Photolysis is defind as the scatteredting or decomposition of a chemical compound by means of light energy or photons. Photolysis is the part of photosynthesis that occurs in the granum of a chloroplast where light is absorbed by chlorophyll, turned into chemical energy, and used to split apart the oxygen and hydrogen in water. The oxygen is released as a byproduct while the reduced hydrogen acceptor makes its way to the second stage of photosynthesis, the Calvin cycle.What is photophosphorylation and how is this elegant by PSII and PSI?Photophosphorylation is the production of ATP using the energy of sunlight. In photophosphorylation, light energy is used to create a high-energy electron donor and a lower-energy electron acceptor. Electrons then move spontaneously from donor to accept or through an electron transport chain.When a special chlorophyll molecule of PSII absorbs a photon, an electron in this molecule attains a higher energy level. Because this state of an electron is very unstable, the electron is transferred from one to another molecule creating a chain of redox reactions, called an electron transport chain (ETC). The electron flow goes from PSII to cytochrome b6f to PSI. In PSI the electron gets the energy from another photon. The final electron acceptor is NADP. Cytochrome b6f and ATP synthase are working together to create ATP. This process is called photophosphorylationWhat is the function of Rubisco?In the Calvin Cycle of photosynthesis, the enzyme rubisco grabs CO2 and incorporates it into RuBP (commonly called carbon fixation). The cycle continues until one G3P is made a precursor to glucose.What is the usefulness or function of the the 12 GAP molecules produced by the fixation of 6 CO2 molecules via the Calvin cycle?The function is for the ma nufacturing of carbohydratesWhat is the function of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and what advantage is given to plants that contain this enzyme?Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase is an enzyme in the family of carboxy-lyases that catalyzes the addition of CO2 to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to form the four-carbon compound oxaloacetate. Carbon fixation via PEP carboxylase assimilates the available CO2 into a four-carbon compound (oxaloacetate, which is further converted to malate) that can be stored or shuttled between plant cells. This allows for a separation of initial CO2 fixation by contact with air and secondary CO2 fixation into sugars by RuBisCO during the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis.In succulent CAM plants adapted for growth in very dry conditions, PEP carboxylase fixes CO2 during the night when the plant opens its stomata to allow for gas exchange. During the day time, the plant closes the stomata to go on water and releases CO2 inside the leaf from the stora ge compounds produced during the night. This allows the plants to thrive in dry climates by conducting photosynthesis without losing water through open stomata during the day.

Essay --

The start of any evolutionary story told about us lies within the origin of the eukaryote cell. This remarkable event consisted of a revolution of cell type matched in momentousness by the arrival on the biological scene of the procaryote (OMalley). Bacteria had a couple billion years head start on eukaryotes and have given rise to many biochemical processes that are natural to the ecosystem (Wernergreen). One organism living within an other secures endosymbiosis. Nobody can say the exact origin of the eukaryote cell. The endosymbiosis theory dates back to the earliest twentieth century and devotion to different models of its origins is strong and adamant (OMalley).This theory was developed from the combined efforts of many different researchers. Together, Konstantin Mereschkowsky, Boris Mikhaylovich Kozo-Polyansky, Ivan Wallin, and Lynn Margulis are the main researchers whom coined the term symbiogenesis referring to the long term, or permanent physical association between diffe rently named partners (taxa), or the genesis of new species through the merging of two or more existing species (Margulis). Endosymbiosis and symbiogenesis define hypothetical theories thought to justify the origin of species in addition to the processes of natural selection and random mutation. B.M. Kozo-Polyansky and Lynn Margulis, who very much admired Kozo-Polyanskys work, both believed symbiogenesis was the major source of innovation for evolution (Margulis). The most well known of the first speculations about the origin of organelles, was Mereschkowsky. He primarily studied the chloroplast and was the first to suggest they were obtained ab initio from unicellular organisms that had been enslaved as endosymbionts. However, his theory was turned ... ...hemical energy from cyanobacteria (the only bacteria that can perform photosynthesis) 2.4 billion years ago (Wernergreen). The first chloroplast came into world about one billion years ago when a single-celled protist and a cy anobacterium came together through endosymbiosis, and this first photosynthesizing eukaryotic lineage was the root of land plants, green algae, and red algae. Cyanobacteria and algae endosymbionts have spread photosynthetic capabilities in such a broad range (Wernergreen). In other words, heterotrophic prokaryote cells had taken in autotrophic photosynthetic bacteria cells. The ingested cell continued to provide glucose and oxygen by photosynthesis. The host cell protect as well as provided carbon dioxide and nitrogen for the engulfed cell and overtime both cells lost the aptitude to survive without each other (Weber and Osteryoung).

Wal Mart case study analysis :: essays research papers

Central IssueThe main issue facing the management of Wal mart was how to sustain their extraordinary growth. As the domestic market reaches saturation, a strategy for at home and for global expansion will be necessary.RecommendationWal-Mart need to identify and nurture the primary core cleverness that fueled their growth fulfilling customer needs with a dewy-eyed spectrum of products at everyday low prices. This competency is the product of the aggregate of competencies across individual skill sets and organization boundaries Wal-Mart is a leader in channel management, inventory control, distribution and customer service. This is a reply of the companys ability to coordinate a complex information management and distributing network and to efficiently manage supplier relations, through the use of rude(a) technologies and the seamless flow of information. Wal-Marts extensive communications network connects all stores, warehouses, offices and suppliers. This enables Wal-Mart to n ot only provide value to its customers by offering a wide variety of goods at the lowest prices, but as well to provide value to its suppliers as a large, ever present channel for sale of goods. This channel also provides a highly efficient feedback loop on unit sales, demand and inventory, facilitating a just in time supply management system and an powerful needs-based position. Through careful bargaining and sheer-size, Wal-Mart has power over the suppliers, and can purchase goods cheaper than the competition. Wal-Mart can also differentiates through private branding, i.e. Sams Choice. In auxiliary to the added differentiation, they can become less dependent on branded manufacturers, further eroding the power that suppliers may wield. This also allows them to exploit their initial strategy of crack stores in rural areas that were traditionally neglected, by maintaining a steady supply of low priced goods with low inventory costs. This raises the barriers to entry. By offering such a grand spectrum of products at the lowest prices, Wal-Mart reduces the threat of bargaining power of buyers.Wal-Mart was a leader in Uniform Product Codes scanning. For the two years that it took K-Mart to implement their system, Wal-Mart had, at to the lowest degree temporarily, a competitive advantage that was both valuable and rare.Another characteristic that is valuable and difficult to imitate a loyal and motivated workforce. It requires time to break in a company culture of dedication and commitment to hard work. Providing value to the customer through low prices and excellent customer service, the threats of substitution are reduced. Customers wont switch to competitor chains.